Keywords: Laurén Gómez

Abstract:

Background

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for HIV prevention in pregnant and postpartum women at substantial ongoing risk for HIV. In resource-limited settings, there exist gaps in the integration of PrEP into antenatal care.

Methods

We conducted a difference-in-differences analytic approach (3 months pre- and 3 months post) between January 2022 and July 2022 in 8 facilities (4 intervention and 4 comparison) in western Kenya. During the 6-month period, we tested a combination of 2 stakeholder selected implementation strategies – retraining health providers and fast tracking PrEP clients– to improve PrEP delivery. All study facilities dispensed PrEP in the Maternal and Child health clinics (MCH). We evaluated absolute changes in: PrEP penetration, PrEP fidelity, client PrEP knowledge, client satisfaction, and client waiting and service times as outcomes specified a priori while PrEP offer and HIV testing were outcomes specified post hoc. We measured acceptability and appropriateness by providers of the implementation strategies using AIM and IAM respectively.

Results

We observed statistically significant improvements in PrEP penetration and PrEP offer (p < 0.05) and non-significant improvements in fidelity. PrEP penetration increased 6 percent points (p = 0.002), PrEP offer increased nearly 6 percentage points (p = 0.002), and PrEP fidelity increased 4 percentage points (p = 0.202) in intervention vs comparison facilities. Client PrEP knowledge increased 0.45 out of 7 total points (p < 0.001) and PrEP screening increased 13 percentage points (p = 0.001). We observed no significant changes in service time (0.13-min increase; p = 0.249), waiting time (0.03-min decrease; p = 0.796), or client satisfaction (0.04/24 total point decrease; p = 0.849) in intervention vs comparison facilities. HIV testing did not significantly change (7 percentage point decrease, p = 0.305). The implementation strategy bundle was deemed appropriate and acceptable by the providers (appropriateness: 18.5/20; acceptability: 18.5/20). Overall, the implementation strategy bundle was associated with larger increases in implementation outcomes among women receiving a visit other than their first ANC visit, as well as among sites without stockouts of HIV test kits.

Conclusions

A stakeholder-selected implementation strategy bundle that included retraining healthcare workers, fast tracking PrEP clients to reduce waiting time, and PrEP dispensing in MCH improved several implementation outcomes without significantly affecting waiting time or reducing service time.

Contributions to the literature

• Evidence is sparse on effective implementation strategies that focus on structural- and provider-level barriers to enhance delivery of integrated care in resource-limited settings.
• Stakeholder-selected strategies are hypothesized to have a better fit to local context and potentially be more effective than externally selected strategies.
  We tested a package of two stakeholder-selected implementation strategies – retraining health providers, fast tracking PrEP clients in a difference-in-differences study in 8 clinics in Kenya.
• The package was associated with significant improvements in PrEP penetration, PrEP offer, PrEP knowledge, and PrEP screening. It was not associated with significant changes in PrEP fidelity, HIV testing, service time, waiting time, or client satisfaction.
• The improvement associated with the package was most pronounced among clinics that did not experience substantial stockouts of supplies, suggesting that implementation strategies are not sufficient to overcome gaps in basic resourcing in the presence of critical events.

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